Linear Technology Application Notes. Application Notes. To search our Application Notes, either browse the list below or type a Keyword or Part Number into our search box at the top right of this page. Power Application Notes. AN1. Understanding and Applying the LT1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications IJERA is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. E Technology, Inc. Part Number Description List Partial List, More than 400kb Please note that some of the lists are quite long Please select company by. Here we are presenting a long range FM transmitter that can cover a reasonable distance of 5 kilometers 3 miles and beyond with a one watt RF power with full. A fieldprogrammable gate array FPGA is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing hence fieldprogrammable. TEST EQUIPMENT Invest in a good benchtop or handheld multimeter. Look for one with an autoranging feature. This feature allows the meter to automatically. Application Notes. To search our Application Notes, either browse the list below or type a Keyword or Part Number into our search box at the top right of this page. Im writing this post while one of the test JeeNode Micros here at JeeLabs is nearing its eighth month of operation on a single coin cell. HTB1VdFHLpXXXXaGXXXXq6xXFXXX5/Toroid-Magnet-Ferrite-Core-Inductor-Wire-Transformer.jpg' alt='Ferrite Core Inductor Software Developer' title='Ferrite Core Inductor Software Developer' />Advertise your export, import and business opprtunities here. Trade Forum is a service provided by The Directory of Freight Forearding Services. Multifunction Regulator This application note describes the unique operating characteristics of the LT1. AN2. Performance Enhancement Techniques for 3 Terminal Regulators This application note describes a number of enhancement circuit techniques used with existing 3 terminal regulators which extend current capability, limit power dissipation, provide high voltage output, operate from 1. VAC or 2. 20. VAC without the need to switch transformer windings, and many other usefu application ideas. AN8. Power Conditioning Techniques for Batteries A variety of approaches for power conditioning batteries is given. Switching and linear regulators and converters are shown, with attention to efficiency and low power operation. AN1. 1Designing Linear Circuits for 5. V Operation This note covers the considerations for designing precision linear circuits which must operate from a single 5. V supply. Applications include various transducer signal conditioners, instrumentation amplifiers, controllers and isolated data converters. AN1. 5Circuitry for Single Cell Operation 1. V powered circuits for complex linear functions are detailed. Designs include a VF converter, a 1. AD, sample hold amplifiers, a switching regulator and other circuits. Also included is a section of component considerations for 1. V powered linear circuits. AN1. 9LT1. 07. 0 Design Manual This design manual is an extensive discussion of all standard switching configurations for the LT1. Cuk. The manual includes comprehensive information on the LT1. AN2. 5Switching Regulators for Poets Subtitled A Gentle Guide for the Trepidatious, this is a tutorial on switching regulator design. The text assumes no switching regulator design experience, contains no equations, and requires no inductor construction to build the circuits described. Designs detailed include flyback, isolated telecom, off line, and others. Appended sections cover component considerations, measurement techniques and steps involved in developing a working circuit. AN2. 9Some Thoughts on DCDC Converters This note examines a wide range of DCDC converter applications. Single inductor, transformer, and switched capacitor converter designs are shown. Special topics like low noise, high efficiency, low quiescent current, high voltage, and wide input voltage range converters are covered. Appended sections explain some fundamental properties of different types of converters. AN3. 0Switching Regulator Circuit Collection Switching regulators are of universal interest. Linear Technology has made a major effort to address this topic. A catalog of circuits has been compiled so that a design engineer can swiftly determine which converter type is best. This catalog serves as a visual index to be browsed through for a specific or general interest. AN3. 1Linear Circuits for Digital Systems Subtitled Some Affable Analogs for Digital Devotees, discusses a number of analog circuits useful in predominantly digital systems. VPP generators for flash memories receive extensive treatment. Other examples include a current loop transmitter, dropout detectors, power management circuits, and clocks. AN3. 2High Efficiency Linear Regulators Presents circuit techniques permitting high efficiency to be obtained with linear regulation. Particular attention is given to the problem of maintaining high efficiency with widely varying inputs, outputs and loading. Appendix sections review component characteristics and measurement methods. AN3. 5Step Down Switching Regulators Discusses the LT1. IC. Basic concepts and circuits are described along with more sophisticated applications. Six appended sections cover LT1. AN3. 7Fast Charge Circuits for Ni. Cad Batteries Safe, fast charging of Ni. Cad batteries is attractive in many applications. This note details simple, thermally based fast charge circuitry for Ni. Cads. Performance data is summarized and compared to other charging methods. AN3. 9Parasitic Capacitance Effects in Step Up Transformer Design This note explores the causes of the large resonating current spikes on the leading edge of the switch current waveform. These anomalies are exacerbated in very high voltage designs. AN4. 4LT1. 07. 4LT1. Design Manual This note discusses the use of the LT1. LT1. 07. 6 high efficiency switching regulators. These regulators are specifically designed for ease of use. This application note is intended to eliminate the most common errors that customers make when using switching regulators as well as offering insight into the inner workings of switching designs. There is an entirely new treatment of inductor design based upon simple mathematical formulas that yield direct results. There are extensive tutorial sections devoted to the care and feeding of the Positive Step Down Buck Converter, the Tapped Inductor Buck Converter, the Positive to Negative Converter and the Negative Boost Converter. Additionally, many troubleshooting hints are included as well as oscilloscope techniques, soft start architectures, and micropower shutdown and EMI suppression methods. AN4. 6Efficiency Characteristics of Switching Regulator Circuits Efficiency varies for different DCDC converters. This application note compares the efficiency characteristics of some of the more popular types. Step up, step down, flyback, negative to positive, and positive to negative are shown. Appended sections discuss how to select the proper aluminum electrolytic capacitor and explain power switch and output diode loss calculations. AN4. 9Illumination Circuitry for Liquid Crystal Displays Current generation portable computers and instruments utilize backlit liquid crystal displays. The back light requires a highly efficient, high voltage AC source as well as other supply circuitry. AN4. 9 details these circuits and also includes sections on efficiency measurements and instrumentation considerations. A separate section discusses physical and layout considerations for the display. AN5. 1Power Conditioning for Notebook and Palmtop Systems Notebook and palmtop systems need a number of voltages developed from a battery. Competitive solutions require small size, high efficiency and light weight. This publication includes circuits for high efficiency 5. V and 3. 3. V switching and linear regulators, back light display drivers and battery chargers. All the circuits are specifically tailored for the requirements outlined above. AN5. 2Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Vol 1 This application note consolidates the circuits from the first few years of Linear Technology magazine into one publication. Presented in the note are a variety of circuits ranging from a 5. W high efficiency 9. AN5. 3Micropower High Side MOSFET Drivers This application note describes the operation of high side Nchannel MOSFET switch drivers designed specifically for operation in battery powered equipment, such as notebook and palmtop computers and portable medical instruments. A selection guide simplifies the proper choice of MOSFET and driver for a particular high side switch application. Circuits to drive and protect load impedances ranging from large inductors to large capacitors are described and a section on surface mount and copper clad shunts is included. AN5. 4Power Conversion from Milliamps to Amps at Ultra High Efficiency Up to 9. This application note discusses the use of the LTC1. LTC1. 14. 8, and LTC1. These controllers feature a current mode architecture which includes an automatic low current operating mode called Burst Mode. TM operation, making greater than 9. A. This feature maximizes battery life while a product is in sleep or standby modes. In addition, the LTC1. Field programmable gate array Wikipedia. A field programmable gate array FPGA is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing  hence field programmable. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language HDL, similar to that used for an application specific integrated circuit ASIC. Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs, but this is increasingly rare. FPGAs contain an array of programmablelogic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allow the blocks to be wired together, like many logic gates that can be inter wired in different configurations. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR. In most FPGAs, logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip flops or more complete blocks of memory. Technical designeditContemporary field programmable gate arrays FPGAs have large resources of logic gates and RAM blocks to implement complex digital computations. As FPGA designs employ very fast IOs and bidirectional data buses, it becomes a challenge to verify correct timing of valid data within setup time and hold time. Floor planning enables resource allocation within FPGAs to meet these time constraints. FPGAs can be used to implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. The ability to update the functionality after shipping, partial re configuration of a portion of the design2 and the low non recurring engineering costs relative to an ASIC design notwithstanding the generally higher unit cost, offer advantages for many applications. Some FPGAs have analog features in addition to digital functions. The most common analog feature is programmable slew rate on each output pin, allowing the engineer to set low rates on lightly loaded pins that would otherwise ring or couple unacceptably, and to set higher rates on heavily loaded pins on high speed channels that would otherwise run too slowly. Also common are quartz crystal oscillators, on chip resistance capacitance oscillators, and phase locked loops with embedded voltage controlled oscillators used for clock generation and management and for high speed serializer deserializer SERDES transmit clocks and receiver clock recovery. Fairly common are differential comparators on input pins designed to be connected to differential signaling channels. A few mixed signal FPGAs have integrated peripheral analog to digital converters ADCs and digital to analog converters DACs with analog signal conditioning blocks allowing them to operate as a system on a chip. Such devices blur the line between an FPGA, which carries digital ones and zeros on its internal programmable interconnect fabric, and field programmable analog array FPAA, which carries analog values on its internal programmable interconnect fabric. Download Free Quicken 2002 Basic Updates On Hurricane. HistoryeditThe FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read only memory PROM and programmable logic devices PLDs. PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field field programmable. However, programmable logic was hard wired between logic gates. In the late 1. Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 6. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1. Some of the industrys foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and Lu. Verne R. Peterson in 1. 98. Altera was founded in 1. EP3. 00 which featured a quartz window in the package that allowed users to shine an ultra violet lamp on the die to erase the EPROM cells that held the device configuration. Xilinx co founders Ross Freeman and Bernard Vonderschmitt invented the first commercially viable field programmable gate array in 1. XC2. 06. 4. 1. 01. The XC2. 06. 4 had programmable gates and programmable interconnects between gates, the beginnings of a new technology and market. The XC2. 06. 4 had 6. CLBs, with two three input lookup tables LUTs. More than 2. 0 years later, Freeman was entered into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his invention. Altera and Xilinx continued unchallenged and quickly grew from 1. By 1. 99. 3, Actel now Microsemi was serving about 1. By 2. 01. 0, Altera 3. Actel 1. 0 percent and Xilinx 3. FPGA market. 1. 6The 1. FPGAs, both in sophistication and the volume of production. In the early 1. 99. FPGAs were primarily used in telecommunications and networking. By the end of the decade, FPGAs found their way into consumer, automotive, and industrial applications. Century DevelopmentseditA recentwhen trend has been to take the coarse grained architectural approach a step further by combining the logic blocks and interconnects of traditional FPGAs with embedded microprocessors and related peripherals to form a complete system on a programmable chip. This work mirrors the architecture created by Ron Perlof and Hana Potash of Burroughs Advanced Systems Group in 1. CPU architecture on a single chip called the SB2. Examples of such hybrid technologies can be found in the Xilinx Zynq 7. All Programmable So. C, which includes a 1. GHz dual core ARM Cortex A9 MPCore processor embedded within the FPGAs logic fabric or in the Altera Arria V FPGA, which includes an 8. MHz dual core ARM Cortex A9 MPCore. The Atmel FPSLIC is another such device, which uses an AVR processor in combination with Atmels programmable logic architecture. The Microsemi. Smart. Fusion devices incorporate an ARM Cortex M3 hard processor core with up to 5. B of flash and 6. B of RAM and analog peripherals such as a multi channel ADC and DACs to their flash based FPGA fabric. A Xilinx Zynq 7. All Programmable System on a Chip. An alternate approach to using hard macro processors is to make use of soft processorcores that are implemented within the FPGA logic. Nios II, Micro. Blaze and Mico. Many modern FPGAs are programmed at run time, and this is leading to the idea of reconfigurable computing or reconfigurable systems  CPUs that reconfigure themselves to suit the task at hand. Additionally, new, non FPGA architectures are beginning to emerge. Software configurable microprocessors such as the Stretch S5. FPGA like programmable cores on the same chip. Companies like Microsoft have started to use FPGA to accelerate high performance, computationally intensive systems like the data centers that operate their Bing search engine, due to the performance per Watt advantage FPGAs deliver. Burroughs Advances Systems Group, integrated into the S Type 2. IO. 781. 98. 7 9,0. Xilinx1. 21. 99. Naval Surface Warfare Department6Early 2. Millions1. 7Market sizeedit1. First commercial FPGA  Xilinx XC2. ComparisonseditHistorically, FPGAs have been slower, less energy efficient and generally achieved less functionality than their fixed ASIC counterparts. An older studywhen had shown that designs implemented on FPGAs need on average 4. ASIC implementationscitation needed. More recently, FPGAs such as the Xilinx Virtex 7 or the Altera Stratix 5 have come to rival corresponding ASIC and ASSP solutions by providing significantly reduced power usage, increased speed, lower materials cost, minimal implementation real estate, and increased possibilities for re configuration on the fly. Where previously a design may have included 6 to 1. ASICs, the same design can now be achieved using only one FPGA. Advantages of FPGAs include the ability to re program in the field to fix bugs, and may include a shorter time to market and lower non recurring engineering costs.